What are per se violations considered?

Per se violations are considered inherently illegal because they refer to actions that are automatically deemed unlawful without the need for further evidence or additional proof of intent or negligence. This category typically applies to violations of laws such as those related to consumer protection, antitrust regulations, or traffic laws. For these types of violations, the mere fact that the act occurred is sufficient to classify it as illegal, regardless of the circumstances surrounding it, thus simplifying the legal process by eliminating the need for lengthy examinations of the intent or impact.

This focus on the inherent illegality of certain actions stands in contrast to the other options, where substantial evidence, negligence, or judicial discretion would require a more nuanced approach and consideration of specific circumstances to determine legality.